Figure 1. Images of pre-oil solid bitumen (sb) in startingmaterials and sb in the recovered rock fromhydrous pyrolysis (HP) of the Alum and Huron shales. All images taken with incident white light under oil immersion. (A) Alum Shale starting material. (B) Alum Shale recovered from 300 C HP experiment. (C) Alum Shale recovered from 320 C HP experiment. (D) Alum Shale recovered from 340 C HP experiment. (E) Alum Shale recovered from 350 C HP experiment. (F) Alum Shale recovered from 360 C HP experiment. (G) Huron Member of the Ohio Shale starting material. (H) Huron recovered from 300 C HP experiment. Tasmanites is a marine alga present in many of the late Paleozoic shales of North America (Hackley and Cardott, 2016). (I) Huron recovered from 320 C HP experiment. (J) Huron recovered from 340 C HP experiment. (K) Huron recovered from 350 C HP experiment. (L) Huron recovered from 360 C HP experiment. inert = inertinite.
Figure 2. Photomicrographs of example textures used to identify solid bitumen in shale sample starting materials and hydrouspyrolysis residues. (A) Solid bitumen filling chambers of Globigerina foraminifera in Boquillas Formation (Eagle Ford Formation equivalent) marl in 320 C hydrous-pyrolysis residue (solid-bitumen reflectance [BRo] of 0.52%). (B) Solid bitumen as a groundmass and embayed by euhedral mineral faces (arrows pointing to solid bitumen at margins of carbonate in inset) in the Bakken Shale starting material (BRo of 0.32%). From Hackley and Cardott (2016). (C) Solid bitumen as a groundmass in the Ohio Shale Huron Member (Mbr.) in 340 C hydrous-pyrolysis residue (BRo of 1.02%). (D) Solid bitumen associated with foraminifera in Monterey Formation 320 C hydrous-pyrolysis residue (BRo of 0.61%).